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Some Knowledge About Proxy

 

Almost all those people who are using Internet in today’s generation have one question in their mind what exactly a proxy is? Proxy is nothing it’s a kind of server based utility which is working like a buffer between your Internet and your computer system. That means whatever the data comes from Internet, first it goes to the proxy server and then the data actually comes on our computer.
There are different types of proxies available today. Here are major 5 types of proxies and some details about each of them:
The first one is Web Proxy. Web proxy means it is mainly used to send and receive traffic over Web. These proxies are used by many of them to block unwanted Internet access like opening some offensive websites. It is also used to control the Internet access.
The second one is Anonymous Proxy. This is a proxy which is generally used to remove identification information of a client. It generally hides your IP address. For example, if you are at work and you want to access MySpace then you can use Anonymous Proxy.
Third type of proxy is Caching Proxy. Caching proxy means it does not contact remote server to send client’s requests. This happens because it has already sent a request to remote server previously. It is normally used to speed up the Internet access.
Fourth one is Forced proxy. It is also sometimes called as transparent proxy. This type of proxy generally forces the client machines to pass their entire request to proxy first and then to Internet. Even clients will not know that they are using such proxy.
Last one is called Open Proxy. This proxy means that anyone can use it. It is generally misused or exploited by spammers. That is the reason why some of the websites does not allow traffic from the some of the well known open proxies.
Now the question is why we should use a proxy? Very simple answer to this question is:
First thing is it improves our Internet browsing speed. Proxies generally have their own database called ‘cache’. Proxy generally stores all the requests and files which are most commonly requested by many of Internet users into this cache. So, whenever the request is made for the content it comes very fast. That’s how it increases the browsing speed.
Another advantage of using proxy is Security and privacy. Generally anonymous proxies hides your IP address so, it helps you to save from vulnerabilities. Even through anonymous proxy you can also browse some contents which are restricted for your country because server administrator has blocked the IP address of your country. So, anonymous proxy can help you in this case.
So, there are lots of benefits of using the proxies. We can use them for multiple purpose. If you want yourself to be familiar with proxies then the best way is to try it out on your own. So, you can understand how they work and what they really do.

                When working with text editors, you pretty much choose between Vi or Nano. Vi is old school with a blank layout and no visible controls, which can make it difficult to work with for beginners. However, it is very powerful and once you learn the keystrokes it can be used very quickly to edit config files and used for scripts, etc. Nano has a pseudo-graphical layout that makes it a little easier to jump right into. Both are viable options. Vi is a standard whereas Nano has to be available depending on the Linux OS you use. We will look at both and go over the important commands for both.
Let’s look at the difference.

To start Vi, you just have to type “vi” and then the name of the file, or type any name and the file will be created anew.

Example: “vi newfile”

You will see additional info for existing files and more importantly whether you have to write premissions.

Quitting & Saving

There are three modes to Vi: Command mode, Text mode & Ex Mode. If you tried to start typing in command mode you wouldn’t be able to. You need to hit the “I” in order to get into text mode. You can then get back to command mode by the ESC key. Typng “:” will put you into Ex mode.

In short, here are the keys for saving and quiting after hitting Esc (Ex mode):

• :w – Saves
• :wq or – Save & Quit
• :q – Quit
• :q! – Force quit, no save

Navigation in Vi

Navigating in Vi is a little more tricky, and this is what gives new users headaches. You just want to keep your fingers on your keyboard as if you are constantly typing (i.e. h, j, k, l). These keys are the substitute for the arrow keys.

• j – down
• k – up
• l – right
• h – left
• gg – Takes you to the beginning of the file
• G(shift + g) – Will take you to the end of the file
• xxG – Brings you to a specific line in the file(xx is the line number)
• ( – Move up to the beginning of the sentence
• ) – Move to the end of the sentence

Insterting Text

• i – Insert before cursor position
• a – append after cursor position
• r – Replace letter
• o – Open line below cursor position automatically goes into insert mode
• O – Open line above cursor in insert mode

Deleting Text

• x – Deletes the character under cursor position
• X – Deletes the character before cursor
• dw – Deletes the word after cursor
• db – Deletes word before the cursor
• u – Will undo changes

Copy(yank) & Paste

• yw – Yanks the word after the cursor
• yb – Yanks the word before the cursor
• yy – Yanks the entire line
• p – Will paste
• P – Will paste before the cursor position

Search

• / – Is used to search(:/searchword)

                      File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is one of the oldest and most popular ways to share files between computers and servers. In terms of the Internet, this happens transparently on websites where you download software or files. FTP is available both under Windows and Linux.

 What is VSFTPD?

The vsftp daemon runs in the background and allows you or users you designate, to copy files to and from your Linux boxes, using username and password as login credentials. This ability is open to individuals or groups you may want to establish.

VSFTPD features include:

1. Virtual IP configurations
2. Virtual users
3. Standalone or inetd operation
4. Powerful per-user configurability
5. Bandwidth throttling
6. Per-source-IP configurability
7. Per-source-IP limits
8. IPv6
9. Encryption support through SSL integration

How To Install VSFTP

The daemon is included in most versions of Linux. If you are using a Debian based distribution like Mint or Ubuntu, open a terminal window and type: sudo apt-get install vsftpd
If you are using a Red Hat based disto, open a terminal window and type: sudo yum install vsftp

How To Configure VSFTP

To configure vsftp, open the vsftpd.conf file in the /etc directory. For instance, if you were using gedit as your text editor, you would type: sudo gedit /etc/vsftpd.conf

First, for a secure setup, you’ll want to disable anonymous access to your ftp server. Change this line: anonymous_enable=YES to anonymous_enable=NO

With anonymous access disabled, you’ll want to allow local users to log in, by uncommenting the following line: #local_enable=YES to local_enable=YES (simply remove the # sign).

Allow write access by uncommenting this line: #write_enable=YES to write_enable=YES
Save and close the file.

Setup an FTP user account:
Restart your ftp server:
Test:
Run at the command Line:

Other VSFTP Configuration Options

There are many other options you can add to this file:

• Limiting the maximum number of client connections (max_clients)
• Limiting the number of connections by source IP address (max_per_ip)
• Setting the maximum rate of data transfer per anonymous login (anon_max_rate)
• Setting the maximum rate of data transfer per non-anonymous login (local_max_rate)

VSFTP Considerations and Resources

Potential issues are often as simple as username and password entry errors. But because firewalls are designed to limit access to certain ports, this is a good area to investigate if you experience issues with your installation

                  You want to keep an eye on who’s on your home Wi-Fi. This is for a variety of reasons: people could be stealing your bandwidth, resulting in you having trouble stay within your download limits. People on your network could also potentially take note of your personal information or company information. This means you should be encrypting your data very carefully, and securing your home wireless network. Even with all these precautions, there could still be someone who manages to gain access.
Here are three tools to make sure that you have a good idea of who’s on your wireless network, and whether or not you have to watch your back.

1. Nirsoft Wireless Network Watcher

Nirsoft’s Wireless Network Watcher is the Marauder’s Map of wireless networks. It allows you to keep an eye on every computer and device that’s logged on to your network. It will display the IP and MAC address of each device, the company that manufactured the network card, and the optional computer name.


This means that you don’t have to worry about your neighbors stealing your bandwidth. As a student (or anyone else that may be living in an apartment and consistently going over bandwidth), this little tool is pretty nifty and handy for those awkward conversations. After you track down who’s really using your network, of course, you’re on your own with the confrontation.

Simply download, install, and use.

2. Zamzom Wireless Network Tool

Zamzom presents a tool similar to Nirsoft’s. It also allows you to have a look at every user logged on to your Wi-Fi, and also displays IP and MAC addresses of each device running around your network.



You can choose to perform a Fast Scan or a Deep Scan on Zamzom. If after a Fast Scan, you can’t find the problem or you’re suspecting there’s someone going for a free ride on your Wi-Fi, run a slower but more thorough Deep Scan.
There’s a premium variant of Zamzom that exists, and also gives you more insight and information into who’s on your network. (For example, you can choose to view the computer owner’s name.)
I like how Zamzom actually ended up presenting a way to ban users from your router. Have a look at the video!

3. Net View Command

You can also use good ol’ Command Prompt to have a look at who’s on your network. Hit your Windows key or the start menu, and search “cmd”. There are a ton of other tricks you can do with the Windows Command Prompt, such as sending other users pop-up messages.


By the way, if you ever get a System Error 6118 when you try Net View, it could be because you have the firewall on.
The best part of the Command Prompt is its inclusion with Windows. That means you don’t have to download anything to use it!

Here you’ve got three great, comprehensive methods of tracking who’s in your network. Stay safe and make sure you keep an eye on your network! Oh, and with great power comes great responsibility. Don’t abuse this power!